Description

The Parenting Style Inventory II (PSI-II) is a self-report instrument designed to measure parenting styles. It was originally developed based on Diana Baumrind’s typology of parenting styles, which includes three major types: Authoritative, Authoritarian, and Permissive parenting. The PSI-II assesses parents’ self-perceived behaviors and attitudes in their parenting practices, typically organized into different subscales to evaluate aspects like responsiveness, control, and communication.

The PSI-II is widely used in research to understand the role of parenting styles in children’s development, well-being, and academic outcomes.

Data Analysis and Use

The PSI-II is primarily used to measure the parenting style across various dimensions. It consists of several questions that are rated on a Likert scale, typically from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Each subscale corresponds to one of the three parenting styles:

Authoritative Parenting: Characterized by high responsiveness and high demands, involving a balance between nurturing and discipline.

Authoritarian Parenting: High control and low responsiveness, characterized by strict rules and expectations with little open dialogue.

Permissive Parenting: High responsiveness but low demands, where parents are more lenient and avoid setting firm boundaries.

Goal

The goal of using PSI-II data is to assess and calibrate parenting styles, identify patterns, and analyze their effects on children’s psychological, social, and educational outcomes. Researchers often analyze PSI-II data to:

Identify the most common parenting style within a specific population.

Examine the relationship between parenting styles and children’s behavioral or academic outcomes.

Compare parenting styles across different cultural or socioeconomic groups.

Calibration

Calibration refers to the process of ensuring that the PSI-II scales are properly validated and reliable for the specific sample being studied. This may include:

Internal Consistency: Ensuring that the items within each subscale are measuring the same construct (e.g., Cronbach’s Alpha).

Factor Analysis: Verifying that the subscales correspond to the intended parenting style dimensions.

Test-Retest Reliability: Checking that the instrument produces stable results over time.

Calibration ensures that the PSI-II provides accurate measures of parenting styles in different cultural contexts or among different populations.

References

To better understand the development, application, and validation of the PSI-II, the following are some key references in the literature:

Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88.

Baumrind’s seminal work on the three parenting styles.

Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77(3), 819-830.

This article provides an in-depth look at the development of the PSI-II and its application.

Steinberg, L., Blatt-Eisengart, I., & Cauffman, E. (2006). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful homes: A replication in a sample of serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16(1), 47-58.

A study using parenting style measures to examine developmental outcomes in adolescents.

Dwairy, M. (2008). Parenting styles in Arab societies: A first cross-regional research study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(4), 491-509.

A cross-cultural examination of parenting styles using the PSI-II in non-Western contexts.