Scale Analysis

The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ-18) was developed by A. V. Carron in 1985 when he proposed an alternative conceptualization of cohesion dimensions. He began by establishing a conceptual model of cohesion in which he defined four constructs. This questionnaire is now the most widely used tool for assessing and measuring cohesion.

Purpose of the Scale

The GEQ was designed to examine individuals’ feelings within the closed structure of their team. It includes four constructs of cohesion: group integration-task, group integration-social, individual attraction to the group-task, and individual attraction to the group-social.

Scoring of Items

Participants respond to 18 questions reflecting how they personally feel within the group. Responses are given on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 9 (strongly agree).

Statistical Analysis

The questionnaire yields a total score calculated by summing the ratings of each item, ranging from 18 to 162. High scores indicate that the participant may be unhappy with their group and may not want to belong to it.

Validity and Reliability

The GEQ has been adapted into Greek by Ntoumanis and Aggelonidis using a back-translation method. Research has shown that several sections of the questionnaire demonstrate internal consistency and reliability, with Cronbach’s alpha scores of 0.71 for task cohesion and 0.72 for social cohesion.

References

Author: A. V. Carron
Greek adaptation: Ntoumanis & Aggelonidis
Brawley, L. R., Carron, A. V., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1987). Assessing the cohesion of teams: Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 9(3), 275–294.