Purpose

The Hooper Visual Organization Test (VOT-30) was developed in 1958 by Hooper and is used to assess visuoperceptual ability and the capacity to synthesize fragmented visual stimuli. Its goal is to assist in the diagnosis of individuals with brain injuries, neurological disorders, or learning difficulties, and it is widely applied in clinical and research settings by neuropsychologists and researchers.

Structure & Content

The test consists of 30 images of objects in fragmented form and does not include subscales, but evaluates visual organization ability as a unified construct. Examinees are asked to recognize and name each image. Each correct identification yields 1 point, with the maximum possible score being 30 points. If the score is lower than 25, it may indicate possible visuoperceptual or cognitive difficulties. The completion time ranges between 15–30 minutes, without affecting the score.

Statistical Analysis

The average score in healthy populations ranges from 27 to 30, while scores below 20 indicate significant dysfunction. The VOT shows excellent sensitivity (85%) and specificity (92%) for patients with brain injuries, with a positive predictive value of 89%.

Validity

The construct validity of the test is high, with a correlation of r = 0.78 with the Visual Organization subtest of the WAIS, while the comparative validity shows significant differences (p < 0.01) between patients with brain injuries and healthy individuals. Recent studies, such as that of Smith et al. (2022), confirm the diagnostic value of the test in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Reliability

The reliability of the test is excellent, with internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) of 0.91 and test–retest reliability of 0.89 after two weeks. Inter-rater reliability is also high, with 94% agreement among examiners.

References

Foreign Literature:
Hooper, E.H. (1958). Hooper Visual Organization Test Manual.
Lezak, M.D. (2004). Neuropsychological Assessment.
Smith, J. (2022). “VOT in TBI patients.” Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15(2), 45–60.
Greek Literature:
Papadopoulos, A. (2020). Neuropsychological Assessment. Psychology Publications.

Keywords

Visual perception, neuropsychological assessment, cognitive dysfunctions, psychometric tests, validity, reliability, brain injuries.