Analysis

The analysis of the SAS (Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale) is carried out through a series of statements to which participants respond on a Likert scale. These statements are designed to separately evaluate sociotropy and autonomy. For sociotropy, the items focus on the need for acceptance from others, sensitivity to criticism, and the desire for close relationships. For autonomy, the items focus on independence, preference for solitude, and resistance to external influence. The analysis of responses allows for an understanding of personal tendencies and their potential association with psychological problems.

Purpose

The purpose of the SAS is to help researchers and clinical psychologists gain a better understanding of an individual’s predispositions toward specific psychological conditions. In particular, this tool can aid in identifying factors that contribute to the development of depression, such as excessive dependence on others or an exaggerated need for autonomy. By understanding these tendencies, mental health professionals can design more targeted and effective interventions for their patients.

Calibration

The calibration of the SAS is conducted by analyzing participants’ responses to the statements. Each item is rated on a Likert scale, usually from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The scores for the sociotropy-related items and autonomy-related items are summed separately, yielding two overall scores. High scores in sociotropy indicate a strong dependence on others’ approval, whereas high scores in autonomy indicate a strong level of independence. This calibration enables comparison of results with population norms and the evaluation of an individual’s tendencies.

References

Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Harrison, R. P., & Emery, G. (1983). Development of the Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale: A measure of personality factors in psychopathology. Unpublished manuscript, Philadelphia: Center for Cognitive Therapy, University of Pennsylvania Medical School.
Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive model of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 2–27.
Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (1991). Personality factors in dysphoria: A psychometric refinement of Beck’s Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 13(4), 369–388.
Clark, D. A., Steer, R. A., Beck, A. T., & Ross, L. (1995). Psychometric characteristics of revised Sociotropy and Autonomy Scales in college students. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 325–334.
Bieling, P. J., Beck, A. T., & Brown, G. K. (2000). The Sociotropy–Autonomy Scale: Structure and implications. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24(6), 763–780.