Description

The Positive Leadership Behavior Questionnaire (PLBQ-68) is a psychometric instrument designed to assess the extent to which individuals demonstrate positive leadership behaviors within workplace environments.

The questionnaire is a single-factor assessment tool consisting of 68 items that evaluate leadership behaviors based on individuals’ self-perceptions regarding the extent to which each statement describes their own behavior.

The PLBQ-68 is applicable in organizational psychology, leadership research, human resource management, and studies examining effective leadership characteristics in professional settings.

Objective

The primary objective of the PLBQ-68 is to evaluate the degree to which positive leadership behaviors are exhibited in workplace contexts.

The questionnaire aims to provide information regarding individual leadership characteristics and can be used to assess positive leadership traits in individuals or groups.

Structure and Content

The PLBQ-68 consists of 68 statements organized as a single-factor measure of positive leadership behavior.

Participants evaluate the degree to which each statement reflects their own leadership behavior using a five-point Likert response format.

The questionnaire focuses on overall positive leadership characteristics rather than separate independent subscales.

Scoring

Participants respond to each item using a five-point Likert scale:

1 = Strongly Disagree
5 = Strongly Agree

Scores reflect the intensity with which individuals perceive that each leadership behavior characterizes them.

Higher scores indicate stronger expression of positive leadership behaviors, whereas lower scores indicate lower levels of perceived positive leadership characteristics.

The average completion time for adults is approximately 15 minutes.

Data Analysis and Use

The PLBQ-68 provides quantitative data regarding positive leadership behaviors at individual or group level.

The collected data can be analyzed using descriptive statistics to examine leadership characteristics within populations.

The questionnaire can support research on leadership development, organizational effectiveness, workplace relationships, and evaluation of leadership interventions.

The current version of the instrument is in its final development phase, with data collected from 378 participants across Greece.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical evaluation of the PLBQ-68 includes psychometric analyses examining construct validity and reliability.

Descriptive statistics can be used to evaluate overall levels of positive leadership behavior within individuals or groups.

Further analyses may include correlation studies with related leadership constructs, comparative analyses between groups, and factor analysis to confirm the underlying structure of the instrument.

Validity

The PLBQ-68 has demonstrated good construct validity, supporting its ability to measure the intended construct of positive leadership behavior.

Its theoretical background is related to established leadership assessment approaches, including empowering leadership, servant leadership, charismatic leadership, and positive psychological perspectives on leadership.

Reliability

The PLBQ-68 demonstrates excellent reliability characteristics.

Internal consistency is extremely high, with Cronbach’s alpha α = 0.99.

Test–retest reliability is also high, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.98, indicating strong stability of scores over time.

References

Arnold, J., Arad, S., Rhoades, J. A., & Drasgow, F. (2000). The empowering leadership questionnaire. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 249–269.

Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale Development and Construct Clarification of Servant Leadership. Group & Organization Management, 31, 300–326.

De Hoogh, A. H. B., et al. (2005). Leader motives and charismatic leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 17–38.

Hanges, P. J., & Dickson, M. W. (2004). In R. J. House et al. (Eds.), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Sage.

House, R. J., et al. (2001). Charismatic theory of leadership: An empirical test of CEO’s.

Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2004). The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 329–354.

Snyder, C. R., et al. (1991). The Will and the Ways. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.