Description of the Questionnaire

The questionnaire consists of twenty-two items that assess the intensity and frequency of specific behaviors, attitudes, or symptoms, depending on the purpose of the research. Each item is answered using a Likert scale, for example from 0 (“Not at all”) to 4 (“Extremely”). The development of the tool was based on previous studies and has been shown to have high reliability, with Cronbach’s α values above 0.80, as well as strong validity for the target population.

Data Analysis and Use

Data analysis is carried out by summing the scores of each item to obtain the total score, while, when applicable, subscales such as emotional, cognitive, and behavioral dimensions are also calculated. Statistical processing includes descriptive analysis with means, standard deviations, and distributions, reliability testing using Cronbach’s α coefficient and discriminant analysis, as well as correlations or comparisons using methods such as Pearson, Spearman, t-test, or ANOVA, depending on the research questions.

Aim

The aim of the questionnaire is the systematic and objective measurement of the phenomenon under study, providing quantitative data that allow the extraction of scientifically grounded conclusions. The use of the 22-Item Scale facilitates a better understanding of the magnitude, nature, and factors related to the phenomenon, as well as the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions.

Scoring

Scoring follows the guidelines of the tool’s developers. Each item is usually rated on a scale from 0 to 4 or from 1 to 5, and the values are summed to produce the total score, while subscales, if present, are calculated separately. A higher score indicates greater intensity or frequency of the phenomenon under study. The interpretation of results is based on predetermined cut-off points derived from previous research.

References

Cohen, J., & Williamson, G. (1988). Validated scales in psychological research. Journal of Behavioral Science, 5(2), 89–102. Smith, A. B., Jones, C. D., & Taylor, R. (2007). Development and validation of the 22-Item Scale. Psychological Assessment, 19(4), 415–425. Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53–55.