Analysis

The analysis of the SES involves evaluating the psychometric reliability and validity of the tool. The internal consistency of the items, usually measured by Cronbach’s alpha, ensures the coherence of the responses. Test–retest reliability is examined by administering the measure at different points in time in order to assess the stability of responses. The validity of the tool is evaluated through comparative studies with other measures of social sensitivity and embarrassment, as well as through factor analyses to confirm the scale’s structure.

Objective

The objective of the SES is to provide a reliable and valid means of assessing individuals’ susceptibility to embarrassment. This tool is used in psychological research to understand the impact of embarrassment on social behavior and mental health. It is also employed in clinical practice to identify individuals who may struggle with embarrassment and to develop interventions aimed at improving social self-confidence and well-being.

Calibration

The SES is calibrated through a Likert-type scale, where responses range from 1 (never) to 5 (always), depending on how often individuals feel embarrassed in various situations. Total scores are calculated by summing across all items. Higher scores indicate greater susceptibility to embarrassment.

References

The literature on the SES includes important studies documenting the development and validation of the tool. One of the foundational studies is that of Modigliani (1968), published in the Journal of Personality. This study provides a detailed description of the SES’s development, reliability, and validity assessment, as well as its use across different populations and cultural contexts. In addition, studies such as Leary and Kowalski (1995) examine the relationship between embarrassment and social interaction, further supporting the usefulness of the SES in both research and clinical practice.