Brief Description
Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices is a widely used non-verbal test for measuring intelligence and analytical reasoning. The test is based on Spearman’s theory of the general intelligence factor (g) and consists of 60 images or patterns, each with a missing part. The examinee is asked to select which of the provided options correctly completes the pattern, based on pattern recognition and logic. The items are organized into five sets (A to E) with increasing levels of difficulty.
Purpose
The purpose of the test is to assess abstract logical reasoning independently of language or cultural background. In the Greek context specifically, the test is used to evaluate cognitive abilities in children with or without intellectual disability, as well as in individuals across a wide age range, for both research and diagnostic purposes.
Scoring Method
The test is untimed and may be administered individually or in groups. Each correct answer is scored with 1 point, and incorrect answers receive 0. The final score is the sum of correct responses. Interpretation is based on standardized norms according to age and educational level.
Validity
The validity of Raven’s test has been evaluated through its correlation with other intelligence tests. Correlations with the WISC-R were 0.74 for the verbal scale, 0.72 for the performance scale, and 0.77 for the full-scale IQ. The correlation with the Goodenough-Harris IQ test was 0.42. These figures indicate moderate to high convergent validity.
Reliability
Raven’s Standard Progressive Matrices demonstrate high reliability. The internal consistency index (Cronbach’s alpha) reaches 0.93, while test-retest reliability in a student sample was 0.86, making the test suitable for diagnostic use.
Data Analysis and Use
Data are analyzed using descriptive statistics, comparisons of means (e.g., t-tests, ANOVA), and correlational techniques. The test can be used to assess cognitive ability across a range of ages and intellectual levels. It is appropriate for research exploring the relationship between intelligence and social, educational, or psychological factors. Additionally, it is useful for differential diagnosis between typical development and intellectual disability.
References
Alexopoulos, D. S. (1998). Item analysis of the Raven test. In D. S. Alexopoulos (Ed.), Psychometrics, Volume I: Test Design and Item Analysis (pp. 135–151). Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
Alexopoulos, D. S. (1999, March 25–28). Reliability and validity of the Raven’s Standard Matrices/Forms in Greece. Paper presented at the 7th Panhellenic Conference of Psychological Research, Nicosia. Athens: Ellinika Grammata.
Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (2003). Manual for Raven’s Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 1: General Overview. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.