Purpose of the Questionnaire

The purpose of the [NAQ-revised-22] questionnaire is to measure bullying in the workplace context. All actions described in the questionnaire concern and depict organizational behaviors, and there is no reference to the terms “bullying” or “harassment.”

Questionnaire Analysis

The [NAQ-revised-22] is the revised version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-revised), developed by Einarsen, Hoel, and Notelaers (2009). This questionnaire includes 22 negative acts in the workplace (compared to the previous version which included 23). The revised [NAQ-revised-22] was standardized after the creation of the Greek edition, following the Back Translation method carried out by specialized psychologists proficient in both Greek and English.

Scoring and Statistical Analysis

Scoring is done as follows: respondents are asked to answer 22 statements describing various types of unwanted and negative behaviors, ranging from indirect and subtle acts (such as gossiping) to direct negative acts (such as threats or physical abuse). To determine the frequency of exposure to bullying behaviors, a 5-point Likert scale is used:
1 = Never
2 = Now and then
3 = Monthly
4 = Weekly
5 = Daily
Respondents are asked to indicate how often they have experienced each of the 22 negative acts in their workplace over the past six months (Einarsen et al., 2009). The score ranges from 22 to 110. Higher scores indicate more intense and frequent experiences of bullying in the workplace.

Validity and Reliability

The questionnaire shows excellent criterion validity and construct validity, and it also demonstrates high reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha = 0.915.

References

Greek Literature
Tsaparelis, G. (2019). Workplace bullying in Greece during the years of crisis (Doctoral dissertation).
International Literature
Charilaos, K., Michael, G., Chryssa, B. T., Panagiota, D., George, C. P., & Christina, D. (2015). Validation of the Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) in a sample of Greek teachers. Psychology, 6(01), 63.
Nam, W., Kim, J. W., Kim, Y. K., Koo, J. W., & Park, C. Y. (2010). The reliability and validity of the negative acts questionnaire-revised (NAQ-R) for nurses for the assessment of workplace bullying. Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 22(2), 129-139.